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water
Water is a substance or material or elements that are important to all known forms of life on earth today, [1] [2] [3] but not on another planet. [4] Water covers nearly 71% of the earth's surface. There are 1.4 trillion cubic kilometers (330 million mi ³) is available on earth. [5] Water mostly found in the sea (salt water) and the ice sheets (in polar and mountain peaks), but also can present as clouds, rain, rivers, fresh water, lakes, water vapor, and sea ice. The water in these objects move follows a water cycle, namely: through evaporation, rain, and the flow of water over the soil surface (runoff, including springs, rivers, estuaries) to the sea. Clean water is essential for human life. In many places in the world there is a shortage of water supply. In addition to the earth, a large amount of water is also estimated that there are in the north and south poles of Mars, and in the months Europa and Enceladus. Water can be either solid (ice), liquid (water) and gas (water vapor). Water is the only substance that is naturally present in the earth's surface in all three of his form is. [6] The management of water resources of the less well may cause water shortages, monopolization and privatization, and even fuel conflict. [7] Indonesia already has laws regulating water resources since 2004, namely Law No. 7 of 2004 on Water Resources Chemical properties and physical Water
Information and properties Systematic Name water Alternative name aqua, dihydrogen monoxide, Hydrogen hydroxide Molecular formula H2O Molar mass 18.0153 g / mol Density and phase 0998 g / cm ³ (cariran at 20 ° C) 0.92 g / cm ³ (solid) Melting point 0 ° C (273.15 K) (32 ° F)
Boiling point 100 ° C (373.15 K) (212 ° F) Heat type 4184 J / (kg • K) (liquid at 20 ° C) Additional data page
Disclaimer and references
Main article: Water (molecule) Water is a chemical substance with chemical formula H2O: one molecule of water is composed of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. Water is colorless, tasteless and odorless at standard conditions, ie at a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar) and temperature of 273.15 K (0 ° C). This chemical is an important solvent, which has the ability to dissolve many other chemicals, such as salts, sugars, acids, several types of gases and many kinds of organic molecules. Water is a liquid state is a situation that is not common in normal conditions, even more so with due regard to the relationship between the hydride-hydride other similar oxygen in the column on the periodic table, which suggests that water should be a gas, as hydrogen sulfide. By considering the periodic table, it appears that the elements surrounding oxygen are nitrogen, fluorine, and phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine. All of these elements if it binds to the hydrogen gas is produced at normal temperature and pressure. The reason why the hydrogen binds with oxygen to form berkeadaan liquid phase, is because oxygen is more electronegative than the other elements (except fluorine). Oxygen atoms pull the electrons in the bond is much stronger than that carried by hydrogen atoms, leaving the number of positive charges on the two hydrogen atoms, and the amount of negative charge on the oxygen atom. The presence of charge on each atom is made of water molecules have a dipole moment. Style electric attraction between water molecules due to the dipole is made of each molecule closer together, making it difficult to be separated and that ultimately raise the boiling point of water. Style of attraction is called a hydrogen bond. Water is often referred to as the universal solvent because water dissolves many chemicals. Water is in dynamic equilibrium between liquid and solid phases under pressure and temperature standards. In the form of ions, water can be described as a hydrogen ion (H +) associated (bonded) with a hydroxide ion (OH-).
The high concentration of dissolved lime make the water the color of Havasu Falls appear turquoise in color. [Edit] Electrolysis of water Main article: Electrolysis of water Water molecules can be broken down into elements of their home with an electric current flowing. This process is called electrolysis of water. At the cathode, two water molecules react with the capture of two electrons, reduced to H2 gas and hidrokida ion (OH-). Meanwhile, on the anode, two other water molecules break down into oxygen gas (O2), releasing four H + ions and electrons flow to the cathode. Ion H + and OH-experienced neutralization, forming again a few molecules of water. Equal the overall reaction of the electrolysis of water can be written as follows.
Hydrogen and oxygen gas produced from these reactions form bubbles on the electrodes and can be collected. This principle is then used to produce hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can be used as fuel for hydrogen vehicles. [8] [9] [10] [Edit] Solubility (solvation) Water is a powerful solvent, dissolving many types of chemicals. These substances are well mixed and dissolved in water (eg salts) is called the substances "hydrophilic" (water-loving), and substances that are not easily mixed with water (eg fats and oils), referred to as substance substances "hydrophobic" (fear-water). Solubility of a substance in water is determined by whether the substance can match the strength of electrical attraction force (force intermolekul dipole-dipole) between water molecules. If a substance is not able to counter the force of attraction between water molecules, the molecules of these substances do not dissolve and will settle in water.
Beads of dew clinging to the cobwebs. [Edit] Cohesion and adhesion Water attached to each other (cohesion) because water is polar. Water has a partial negative charge (σ-) near the oxygen atom due to electron pairs are (almost) not used together, and a number of partial positive charge (σ +) near the oxygen atom. In water this happens because the oxygen atom is more electronegative than the hydrogen atom-which means, he (atomic oxygen) have more "pulling power" on the electrons held together in molecules, pulling the electrons closer to him (also means attract the negative charge electrons) and making the area around the oxygen atom is more negatively charged than the areas around the two hydrogen atoms. Water also has high adhesion properties due to the nature of the his-polar. [Edit] Surface tension
This daisy is under the surface of the water, but can bloom with undisturbed. Surface tension prevents the water to drown the interest. Water has a large surface tension caused by the strong nature of the cohesion between water molecules. This can be observed when a small amount of water was placed in a surface that can not be wetted or terlarutkan (non-soluble), water will come together as a droplet. On top of a very clean glass surface or bepermukaan very smooth water to form a thin layer (thin film) because the force of molecular attraction between the glass and water molecules (adhesion force) is stronger than the cohesion force between water molecules. In biological cells and organelles, water in contact with membrane and protein surfaces that are hydrophilic, ie, surfaces that have a strong attraction to water. Irvin Langmuir observed a strong repulsive force between hydrophilic surfaces. To do the dehydration of a hydrophilic surface - in the sense of release that is bound with a strong layer of hydration water - needs to be done really work against these forces, called hydration forces. The forces are very large value but decays rapidly in the range of nanometers or smaller. The importance of these forces in biology has been studied extensively by V. Adrian Parsegian of the National Institutes of Health. [11] The forces is particularly important when cells are dehydrated when in direct contact with the outside space is dry or cooling outside the cell (extracellular freezing). [Edit] Water in the life
Life in the sea. From the biological standpoint, water has properties that are essential for the existence of life. Water can bring out a reaction that can make organic compounds to perform replication. All living things have been known dependence on water. Water is a solvent that is important for living things and is an important part in the process of metabolism. Water is also needed in photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to split the atom hidroden with oxygen. Hydrogen will be used to form glucose and oxygen will be released into the air. [Edit] Water Creatures Main article: Hidrobiologi The waters of the earth is filled with various kinds of life. All of the first living creatures on Earth comes from the waters. Almost all fish live in water, in addition, mammals are like dolphins and whales also live in the water. Animals such as amphibians spend most of his life in the water. In fact, some reptiles like snakes and crocodiles live in shallow waters and oceans. Marine plants such as algae and seaweed into a food source of aquatic ecosystem. In the ocean, plankton become the main food source of fish. [Edit] Water and humans Human civilization triumphed following spring. Mesopotamia is known as the beginning of civilization was between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Ancient Egyptian Civilization depends on the Nile. The centers of large human like Rotterdam, London, Montreal, Paris, New York City, Shanghai, Tokyo, Chicago, and Hong Kong gained glory in part due to the ease of access through the waters. [Edit] Drinking water
Water you drink from the bottle. Main article: Drinking water The human body consists of 55% to 78% water, depending on the size of the body. [12] In order to function properly, the human body requires between one and seven liters of water each day to avoid dehydration; exact number depends on the level of activity, temperature, humidity , and several other factors. Apart from drinking water, humans get from food and drink liquids other than water. Most people believe that humans need 8-10 glasses (about two liters) per day, [13] but the University of Pennsylvania study published in 2008 showed that consumption of 8 glasses is not proven much help in a healthy body. [14] In fact, sometimes for some people, if you drink more water or excessive than the recommended can cause dependence. Other medical literature suggested that consumption of one liter of water per day, with the addition when exercising or in hot weather. [15] [Edit] Solvent Solvents used daily for washing, for example washing the human body, clothes, floors, cars, food, and animals. In addition, household waste is also carried by water through the drain. In industrialized countries, most of the water used as solvent. Water to facilitate the biological processes that dissolve wastes. Microorganisms in the water can help break down the waste into substances with lower pollution levels. [Edit] Water in art
"Great Wave Off Kanagawa Coast." by Katsushika Hokusai, painting is often used as a depiction of a tsunami. Main article: Water in art In the art of water studied in a different way, he served as an element directly, indirectly or only as a symbol. Supported by technological advances and the function of water use in art began to change, than was he began to creep into complement the main object. Examples of this latter art, such as arts stream or droplets (liquid or droplet sculpture art). [16] [Edit] Painting In the Renaissance and its aftermath represented a more realistic water. Many artists depict water in the form of movement - a stream or river, an ocean turbulence, or even a waterfall - but many of them are happy with the objects still water, silent - lake, river barely flows, and sea level that is not choppy. In each case, the water sets the tone (mood), the entirety of the artwork, [17] such as the Birth of Venus (1486) by Botticelli [18] and The Water Lilies (1897) by Monet. [19]
Rivermasterz, using water as an element in the photograph. [Edit] Photography In line with technological advances in the art, the water begins to take place in the arts, such as in photography. although no water has no special meaning here and just act as a complementary element, but it can be used in almost all branches of photography: from fashion to landscape. Photographing water as an element in an object requires special handling, ranging from circular polarizer filters that remove useful reflection, to use long exposure technique, a photographic technique that relies on slow shutter openings to create the effect of soft (soft) on the surface of the water. [20] [Edit] Art dripping water
The main article for this section are: Art of the water droplets The beauty of water droplets which break the surface of the water underneath it immortalized with a variety of touch techniques and flavor make it a beautiful work of art, as presented by Martin Waugh's Liquid Sculpture in his work, an anthology that has worldwide. [21] Art droplets of water does not stop here, with the use of techniques of setting the continuous fall of water droplets, they can be changed in such a way that these droplets as a whole serves as a viewer (viewer) as well as a computer display. With the set-set size and number of droplets that will be passed, to an image displayed by droplets of water falling. Unfortunately this picture is only temporary, until the point in question falling to the bottom of the viewer. [22] Commercialization of the work of this kind was in the form of a more coarse resolution have been carried out. [23] [24] [Edit] Science pseudo water
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules that make it can form groups or clusters, Professor Masaru Emoto, a researcher from the Hado Institute in Tokyo, Japan in 2003 through his research revealed an oddity on the nature of water. Through observations of more than two thousand examples of photographs of water crystals gathered from around the world, Emoto found that water molecules were particles can vary depending on the feelings of human beings around him, [25], which indirectly suggests the influence of feelings towards the clustering of water molecules formed by the presence of hydrogen bonding, Emoto also found that the crystal particles of water looks to be "beautiful" and "awesome" when getting a positive reaction around it, for example with joy and happiness. But the water looks crystal particles become "bad" and "no eye-catching" when getting around the negative effects, such as grief and disaster. More than two thousand pieces of crystal photographs of water contained in the book Messages from Water (Messages from Water) that he composed as a proof of his conclusion that this is likely to be a breakthrough in believing natural wonders. Emoto concluded that the water particles can be influenced by the sound of music, prayers and words written and dipped into the water. [26] Until now Emoto and his work is still considered controversial. [27] [28] [29] [30] Ernst Braun from Burgistein in Thun, Switzerland, has been tried in the laboratory method of making photographs of crystals as disclosed by Emoto, unfortunately, these results can not be reproduced again, although in the same experimental conditions. [31]
Information and properties Systematic Name water Alternative name aqua, dihydrogen monoxide, Hydrogen hydroxide Molecular formula H2O Molar mass 18.0153 g / mol Density and phase 0998 g / cm ³ (cariran at 20 ° C) 0.92 g / cm ³ (solid) Melting point 0 ° C (273.15 K) (32 ° F)
Boiling point 100 ° C (373.15 K) (212 ° F) Heat type 4184 J / (kg • K) (liquid at 20 ° C) Additional data page
Disclaimer and references
Main article: Water (molecule) Water is a chemical substance with chemical formula H2O: one molecule of water is composed of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. Water is colorless, tasteless and odorless at standard conditions, ie at a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar) and temperature of 273.15 K (0 ° C). This chemical is an important solvent, which has the ability to dissolve many other chemicals, such as salts, sugars, acids, several types of gases and many kinds of organic molecules. Water is a liquid state is a situation that is not common in normal conditions, even more so with due regard to the relationship between the hydride-hydride other similar oxygen in the column on the periodic table, which suggests that water should be a gas, as hydrogen sulfide. By considering the periodic table, it appears that the elements surrounding oxygen are nitrogen, fluorine, and phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine. All of these elements if it binds to the hydrogen gas is produced at normal temperature and pressure. The reason why the hydrogen binds with oxygen to form berkeadaan liquid phase, is because oxygen is more electronegative than the other elements (except fluorine). Oxygen atoms pull the electrons in the bond is much stronger than that carried by hydrogen atoms, leaving the number of positive charges on the two hydrogen atoms, and the amount of negative charge on the oxygen atom. The presence of charge on each atom is made of water molecules have a dipole moment. Style electric attraction between water molecules due to the dipole is made of each molecule closer together, making it difficult to be separated and that ultimately raise the boiling point of water. Style of attraction is called a hydrogen bond. Water is often referred to as the universal solvent because water dissolves many chemicals. Water is in dynamic equilibrium between liquid and solid phases under pressure and temperature standards. In the form of ions, water can be described as a hydrogen ion (H +) associated (bonded) with a hydroxide ion (OH-).
The high concentration of dissolved lime make the water the color of Havasu Falls appear turquoise in color. [Edit] Electrolysis of water Main article: Electrolysis of water Water molecules can be broken down into elements of their home with an electric current flowing. This process is called electrolysis of water. At the cathode, two water molecules react with the capture of two electrons, reduced to H2 gas and hidrokida ion (OH-). Meanwhile, on the anode, two other water molecules break down into oxygen gas (O2), releasing four H + ions and electrons flow to the cathode. Ion H + and OH-experienced neutralization, forming again a few molecules of water. Equal the overall reaction of the electrolysis of water can be written as follows.
Hydrogen and oxygen gas produced from these reactions form bubbles on the electrodes and can be collected. This principle is then used to produce hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can be used as fuel for hydrogen vehicles. [8] [9] [10] [Edit] Solubility (solvation) Water is a powerful solvent, dissolving many types of chemicals. These substances are well mixed and dissolved in water (eg salts) is called the substances "hydrophilic" (water-loving), and substances that are not easily mixed with water (eg fats and oils), referred to as substance substances "hydrophobic" (fear-water). Solubility of a substance in water is determined by whether the substance can match the strength of electrical attraction force (force intermolekul dipole-dipole) between water molecules. If a substance is not able to counter the force of attraction between water molecules, the molecules of these substances do not dissolve and will settle in water.
Beads of dew clinging to the cobwebs. [Edit] Cohesion and adhesion Water attached to each other (cohesion) because water is polar. Water has a partial negative charge (σ-) near the oxygen atom due to electron pairs are (almost) not used together, and a number of partial positive charge (σ +) near the oxygen atom. In water this happens because the oxygen atom is more electronegative than the hydrogen atom-which means, he (atomic oxygen) have more "pulling power" on the electrons held together in molecules, pulling the electrons closer to him (also means attract the negative charge electrons) and making the area around the oxygen atom is more negatively charged than the areas around the two hydrogen atoms. Water also has high adhesion properties due to the nature of the his-polar. [Edit] Surface tension
This daisy is under the surface of the water, but can bloom with undisturbed. Surface tension prevents the water to drown the interest. Water has a large surface tension caused by the strong nature of the cohesion between water molecules. This can be observed when a small amount of water was placed in a surface that can not be wetted or terlarutkan (non-soluble), water will come together as a droplet. On top of a very clean glass surface or bepermukaan very smooth water to form a thin layer (thin film) because the force of molecular attraction between the glass and water molecules (adhesion force) is stronger than the cohesion force between water molecules. In biological cells and organelles, water in contact with membrane and protein surfaces that are hydrophilic, ie, surfaces that have a strong attraction to water. Irvin Langmuir observed a strong repulsive force between hydrophilic surfaces. To do the dehydration of a hydrophilic surface - in the sense of release that is bound with a strong layer of hydration water - needs to be done really work against these forces, called hydration forces. The forces are very large value but decays rapidly in the range of nanometers or smaller. The importance of these forces in biology has been studied extensively by V. Adrian Parsegian of the National Institutes of Health. [11] The forces is particularly important when cells are dehydrated when in direct contact with the outside space is dry or cooling outside the cell (extracellular freezing). [Edit] Water in the life
Life in the sea. From the biological standpoint, water has properties that are essential for the existence of life. Water can bring out a reaction that can make organic compounds to perform replication. All living things have been known dependence on water. Water is a solvent that is important for living things and is an important part in the process of metabolism. Water is also needed in photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to split the atom hidroden with oxygen. Hydrogen will be used to form glucose and oxygen will be released into the air. [Edit] Water Creatures Main article: Hidrobiologi The waters of the earth is filled with various kinds of life. All of the first living creatures on Earth comes from the waters. Almost all fish live in water, in addition, mammals are like dolphins and whales also live in the water. Animals such as amphibians spend most of his life in the water. In fact, some reptiles like snakes and crocodiles live in shallow waters and oceans. Marine plants such as algae and seaweed into a food source of aquatic ecosystem. In the ocean, plankton become the main food source of fish. [Edit] Water and humans Human civilization triumphed following spring. Mesopotamia is known as the beginning of civilization was between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Ancient Egyptian Civilization depends on the Nile. The centers of large human like Rotterdam, London, Montreal, Paris, New York City, Shanghai, Tokyo, Chicago, and Hong Kong gained glory in part due to the ease of access through the waters. [Edit] Drinking water
Water you drink from the bottle. Main article: Drinking water The human body consists of 55% to 78% water, depending on the size of the body. [12] In order to function properly, the human body requires between one and seven liters of water each day to avoid dehydration; exact number depends on the level of activity, temperature, humidity , and several other factors. Apart from drinking water, humans get from food and drink liquids other than water. Most people believe that humans need 8-10 glasses (about two liters) per day, [13] but the University of Pennsylvania study published in 2008 showed that consumption of 8 glasses is not proven much help in a healthy body. [14] In fact, sometimes for some people, if you drink more water or excessive than the recommended can cause dependence. Other medical literature suggested that consumption of one liter of water per day, with the addition when exercising or in hot weather. [15] [Edit] Solvent Solvents used daily for washing, for example washing the human body, clothes, floors, cars, food, and animals. In addition, household waste is also carried by water through the drain. In industrialized countries, most of the water used as solvent. Water to facilitate the biological processes that dissolve wastes. Microorganisms in the water can help break down the waste into substances with lower pollution levels. [Edit] Water in art
"Great Wave Off Kanagawa Coast." by Katsushika Hokusai, painting is often used as a depiction of a tsunami. Main article: Water in art In the art of water studied in a different way, he served as an element directly, indirectly or only as a symbol. Supported by technological advances and the function of water use in art began to change, than was he began to creep into complement the main object. Examples of this latter art, such as arts stream or droplets (liquid or droplet sculpture art). [16] [Edit] Painting In the Renaissance and its aftermath represented a more realistic water. Many artists depict water in the form of movement - a stream or river, an ocean turbulence, or even a waterfall - but many of them are happy with the objects still water, silent - lake, river barely flows, and sea level that is not choppy. In each case, the water sets the tone (mood), the entirety of the artwork, [17] such as the Birth of Venus (1486) by Botticelli [18] and The Water Lilies (1897) by Monet. [19]
Rivermasterz, using water as an element in the photograph. [Edit] Photography In line with technological advances in the art, the water begins to take place in the arts, such as in photography. although no water has no special meaning here and just act as a complementary element, but it can be used in almost all branches of photography: from fashion to landscape. Photographing water as an element in an object requires special handling, ranging from circular polarizer filters that remove useful reflection, to use long exposure technique, a photographic technique that relies on slow shutter openings to create the effect of soft (soft) on the surface of the water. [20] [Edit] Art dripping water
The main article for this section are: Art of the water droplets The beauty of water droplets which break the surface of the water underneath it immortalized with a variety of touch techniques and flavor make it a beautiful work of art, as presented by Martin Waugh's Liquid Sculpture in his work, an anthology that has worldwide. [21] Art droplets of water does not stop here, with the use of techniques of setting the continuous fall of water droplets, they can be changed in such a way that these droplets as a whole serves as a viewer (viewer) as well as a computer display. With the set-set size and number of droplets that will be passed, to an image displayed by droplets of water falling. Unfortunately this picture is only temporary, until the point in question falling to the bottom of the viewer. [22] Commercialization of the work of this kind was in the form of a more coarse resolution have been carried out. [23] [24] [Edit] Science pseudo water
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules that make it can form groups or clusters, Professor Masaru Emoto, a researcher from the Hado Institute in Tokyo, Japan in 2003 through his research revealed an oddity on the nature of water. Through observations of more than two thousand examples of photographs of water crystals gathered from around the world, Emoto found that water molecules were particles can vary depending on the feelings of human beings around him, [25], which indirectly suggests the influence of feelings towards the clustering of water molecules formed by the presence of hydrogen bonding, Emoto also found that the crystal particles of water looks to be "beautiful" and "awesome" when getting a positive reaction around it, for example with joy and happiness. But the water looks crystal particles become "bad" and "no eye-catching" when getting around the negative effects, such as grief and disaster. More than two thousand pieces of crystal photographs of water contained in the book Messages from Water (Messages from Water) that he composed as a proof of his conclusion that this is likely to be a breakthrough in believing natural wonders. Emoto concluded that the water particles can be influenced by the sound of music, prayers and words written and dipped into the water. [26] Until now Emoto and his work is still considered controversial. [27] [28] [29] [30] Ernst Braun from Burgistein in Thun, Switzerland, has been tried in the laboratory method of making photographs of crystals as disclosed by Emoto, unfortunately, these results can not be reproduced again, although in the same experimental conditions. [31]
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